Phage Genome Annotation

Genome annotation is the process of identifying the location of genes and all coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do. An annotation is a comment added by way of explanation or commentary. Once the genome is sequenced, it needs to be annotated to make it meaningful. For genome annotation, the previously unknown sequence of genetic material is represented by enriching information related to the location of the genome with intron-exon boundaries, regulatory sequences, repetitive sequences, gene names, and protein products. The annotation is stored in genome databases such as Mouse Genome Informatics, FlyBase, and WormBase. Bacteriophages are the most numerous entities on earth. The number of sequenced phage genomes is about 8,000, and it is increasing rapidly. Genome sequencing is followed by annotation, where genes, start codons, and functions are presumably determined. Due to the relatively small size of the phage genome, many groups choose to manually manage the automatic annotation results to improve the accuracy of phage genome annotation.

Fig 1. The three layers of genome annotation: where, what and how? (Stein L, 2001)

Our Services

One of the main challenges in designing annotation methods for phage genomes is to identify reference and experimentally validated genomes to measure the accuracy of the method. As far as we know, the best choice for the reference genome is the genome of the coliphage Lambda, because it is the most widely studied phage genome. Our services are listed as follows, but are not limited to:

• Microbial strains and growth condition optimization
• Purification of bacteriophage
• The determination of phage Dp-1 titer.
• DNA extraction from purified phage
• Phage sequencing
• Analyses of genome
• Phage genome annotation

Other Related Services

• Comparative genomics
• Genome analysis
• RNA-seq analysis

Genome Annotation Levels

Genome annotation can be classified into three levels: the nucleotide, protein and process levels.

Delivered Output

• A table with complete annotations for the prediction coding sequence area.
• An extended annotated report containing assembly results and quality measurement summaries.
• Reports and statistics (in PDF format)

Our Advantages

• Our scientists have extensive experience in computer and wet laboratory sequencing, research and development,
• Creative Biolabs has a large, secure cloud infrastructure that can be scaled to meet the needs of any project you may have from a large number of samples to a fast turnaround time
• At Creative Biolabs, your data security is a top priority. Your data is protected by best practices in physical and data security measures. It includes 24/7 physical security and monitoring, as well as the best available encryption for storage and transmission.

Creative Biolabs can meet the needs of customers by providing phage genome annotation services on time and on budget. We have in-depth knowledge and experience of the tools and processes involved in the phage projects. Our skilled and dedicated scientific researchers ensure that the most suitable methods and techniques are selected for your project. If necessary, please feel free to contact us.

Reference

• Stein L. Genome annotation: from sequence to biology[J]. Nature reviews genetics, 2001, 2(7): 493-503.

Please kindly note that our services can only be used to support research purposes (Not for clinical use).